Coins:     Bronze Bars and Rudera     Aes Grave and Didrachms     The Denarius: Second Punic War     the Scipios     the Gracchi     Marius and Sulla     Cicero Crassus Pompey     Caesar and Pompey     Plated Coins     Brutus and Cassius     Second Triumvirate     Numismatic Research    Antony and Octavian     Italian City Coinages     Provincial and Imitative

Books:    Money in Early Rome    Catalogues: Crawford Grueber Sear    Sydenham Thomsen HNI RPC CMRR    Handbooks    Coins and History    Auction Catalogues    Hoards and Archaeology    Minting and Money    False Coins    Period-specific studies    Current Numismatic Research    Surveys 1966-1977    Sources for Numismatics    Campania: Art and Coins    Provincial and Imitative

Site Index: Direct Links to Coins and Books
Rarity Scale for Bronze Coins of the Roman Republic

This is an educational site about Roman Republican coins and related books. Well over a thousand coins are illustrated and described, and you can read reviews of hundreds of books and articles about the coins and their history. There are also many original short essays, some that take a detailed look at a coin series, and others that chart the development of coinage from the Roman kings through the end of the Roman Republic. Numismatic literature is the right word for the books, but the spirit of this website aims for shorter words and a lighter approach. I wrote it just for fun, and comments about the books are subjective and my own opinion. If you have read something that I would like, or if you have a comment about this website, please contact me either via the yahoo group RROME or by clicking on any picture on this site and writing in the comment box. The site index might help your navigation. There is nothing for sale here. Happy reading!

I've recently had the chance to photograph a range of Mark Antony Fleet Bronzes issued by L. Sempronius Atratinus as augur and consul designate, M. Oppius Capito as pro-praetor and praefectus classis, both likely minting in Achaea, and by C. Calpurnius Bibulus as praetor designate in Syria between 38BC and 35BC. This is a fascinating coinage, often spoken of but rarely seen because individual examples are very rare indeed apart from the light As of Capito and the Semis of Bibulus. Roman Provincial Coinage deals with the series on pages 284-286 and 600-601, underpinned by studies of Fleet Coinage published by Michel Amandry in Revue Suisse de Numismatique 1986, 1987 and 1990. For those who do not have RPC it is worth quoting a few points:

"These coins introduced innovations to the Roman monetary system: for the first time a Sestertius was struck in bronze; the Tressis, a 3 As piece, had not been minted since the 3rd century BC; and there was a remarkable effort to clarify the denominations: (1) Marks of value, the Greek numerals Α Β Γ Δ. (2) Value symbols, on the As the head of Medusa, on the Dupondius the two caps of the Dioscuri, on the Tressis the triskeles, on the Sestertius a square object - astralagus, tessera or altar (3) Reverse type related to the value, Four hippocamps on the Sestertius, the Tressis has three ships with sails [AM: and incidentally three portrait busts, two jugate facing a third], the Dupondius two ships with sail, the As one, the Semis a ship without sail, the Quadrans a Prow. The system of Greek letters proves the coins were intended to circulate in the Greek speaking areas. But the coins were Roman in essence and the purpose of the Fleet Coinage was possibly to provide in the east a complete coinage of copper based bronze to circulate with Roman gold and silver money. This was a step in the Romanisation in the east. At the same time as Octavian was striking bronze coinages in the west, Antony could have wished to present his imago in the east. Of course this policy was not successful. The amount of coinage struck was quite small and the weight of the coins dropped so quickly that it became unacceptable". RPC pp 284-285. RPC goes on to discuss other matters most notably the mint locations, landing on Athens for Capito, Corinth for Atratinus, and Syria (city unknown) for Bibulus, and of course dating, with reference to the various specialist studies by Amandry, Bahrfeldt, Grant, Buttrey and Martini.

I illustrate the full set of Fleet Coinage types missing only three pieces, but as compensation add two exceptionally rare coins, one being Crawford 530 As in the name of Antony and Atratinus and the other an apparently unpublished Janus-Prow As for Antony alone with augural staff. Surely these are related to the Fleet Coinage. I noted in passing one curious cataloguing error in RPC. It cites the Quadrantes RPC 1458 for Atratinus and RPC 1467 for Capito as both having a prowstem for type. That of Atratinus is of course not a prowstem but an augural lituus, very appropriate for his proud role of augur and consul designate.

I'm very grateful to those who granted me photographic access for the opportunity to present their coin material on this site.

On a more decorative note I show above a selection of Roman Republican coins in their trays. Coins are usually photographed, cropped to a white background and stitched obverse to reverse. It's uncommon to see coins in the habitat in which they live - in trays, organised by date and mints, alongside coins of the same era and different metals, and visible one side at a time. These photos show a selection of coins in trays alongside their neighbours. The images look better if you click and enlarge them, or alternately you can see here a wider selection of coins in trays, some 500 Roman Republican coins illustrated in just a handful of photos. Just click on the photos to see them enlarged. A much wider selection of about 2,000 coins on this website are available in the traditional cropped and stitched format. As in 2009 I again created a Christmas book for 2010 this time celebrating the Roman Cities of Campania and Money under the Kings of Rome, both the subject of web-articles written during the year.

Plated coins is a contentious subject on which I hesitate to express my own views. Instead, with authors' permission from the authors, just prior to the new year I created a new webpage on Plated Coins that includes the full texts of key references by Michael Crawford with expanded footnotes that cite much of his original source material, along with selections from other sources: Clive Stannard, Philip Grierson, William Campbell, Phil Davis: and some examples of plated coins from my database and other sources. The page addresses plated coins during the Roman Republic, although it include some look-back citations from the Roman Empire as to the effects of Sulla's fundamental and long-lasting Lex Cornelia de Falsis about forgery, As with all things in Roman times, whilst there are historical texts from Republican times, there's an explosion of documentary evidence on Roman life and laws as we move into Imperial times, often reflecting governing practices that go back to the Roman Republic. Incidentally this website was a runner-up in the 2010 Forum Award for Numismatic Excellence and I'm happy to display its bronze award badge above. I suspect this award was as much due to my representation of the work of others such as Michael Crawford as for any words I've written myself. Reid Goldsborough has a nice webpage on plated coins in the ancient world as a whole, which contains a good overview of the main issues under discussion.

And finally ... I'd like to draw your attention to an excellent website by Steve Brinkman which covers Anonymous Roman Republican Denarii, a guide of the distinctions between the many anonymous varieties and sub-varieties found in the early denarii of the Roman Republic, and a saviour to those puzzling over their Crawford 44s, 53s et al.

October 2010: Campania: Art, Architecture and Coins

Windows into the real life of Ancient Rome are small, blurred and cracked. However grand the monuments, Rome doesn't gives up much. Arches, Colosseum, gladiator-dress photo-opportunities, scattered columns in the forum and some wonderful sculptures in the Capitoline doesn't amount to life itself. Literature is a different matter. We get a better view of life from Cicero's letters than from any number of chipped marble columns. In Campania, a lucky break for posterity has given us two fossilised cities, Herculaneum and Pompeii, and surrounding villas at Oplontis, Boscoreale, Stabiae and elsewhere, as well as some decent ruins at the north of the bay, Puteoli, Cumae and Baiae. The towns were small, ordinary and insignificant in the Roman world with middle-class houses amongst the wealthy and servile class. This story of Campania: Art, Architecture and Coins follows a recent visit to Naples. where I focussed on the domesticity of Herculaneum and the small villas, with their domestic wall-painting and architecture, rather than the grandeur of Pompeii, and compared the images with the government and imperial perspective on the Roman world given by our coins. I did find some surprises: Bacchus and Bread, Wine and Entertainment are rather more prominent than Mars and War. Perhaps this shouldn't be a surprise.

August 2010: Money in Early Rome; 100 Best Coins; British Museum's website launched

During a short summer break I read-up on the origins of money in Rome, a much neglected time-period, and uploaded a new web page on Money in Early Rome. Much of the inspiration came from Peruzzi's 1985 book of the same title, but that book was more of a hook to create a reason to write on a subject which is missing from most numismatic accounts. Some may find contentious its use of linguistics to explore numismatic history, but it remains consistent with the archaeological, literary and numismatic facts as we know them, for example referencing Rudi Thomsen's Early Roman Coinage throughout. The approach concentrates on the blank spaces in our storyline and that must be welcome, if only to provoke debate.

Realising that some readers come to this site just to look at nice coins - and who can object to that - the set of pictures below are a small sample of 100 Great Roman Roman Republican Coins, a selection that I will keep refreshed, shuffled and updated periodically. You can also click on the link in the previous sentence to get to a nice slide set of this series.

Finally a short update on the British Museum's online catalogue of Roman Republican Coins. The museum launched its website on Roman Republican Coins during August, and I would modestly say it's second only to this site in its treatment of Roman Republican coins. Formerly since the coins came online during 2009, one had to find coins using search terms. The new Guide to the Types page allows one direct access to the coins sorted into the broad categories of Pre-Denarius coinage, early Denarius coinage, coins of the Moneyers, and some special categories such as Social War coinage. Within these categories, the coins are arranged with thumbnail images in a logical fashion after Michael Crawford's catalogue. This is a very welcome update!

January 2010: Current Numismatic Research; Imperatorial dating; British Museum pictures

The book of http://andrewmccabe.ancients.info

For Christmas 2009 gifts I downloaded the entire contents of this website, cropped clipped, formatted and pdf'd, added pictures and text, contents and headings, and finished with a 410-page 120 MB pdf file. This I brought to copy-shop, chose glossy 120 gram/m2 paper, and ran off a dozen double-sided copies. Next I visited my bookbinder, chose a burgundy linen hardcover with gold embossing, and bound up my website prints as pretty and neat as a book. Below are some pictures of the result. I illustrate this just to show how easy it can be, at a modest cost, to make a pretty and useful book of any coin collection, without ever going to a publishing house or seeking ISBN numbers. Now I carry this with me at all times - although it is a hefty 2 kilograms - and have a website resource in hand that does not depend on power supply, internet connections or even a computer. It is emphatically not for sale, I made this just for personal use. But in time there may be a real publication that looks somewhat similar. I love books, way beyond webpages, for their tactility and ease of use.

A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007 and other current Numismatic Research

September 2009, in Glasgow Scotland, the once-in-six-years International Numismatic Congress was hosted by the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery at the University of Glasgow. In preparation for the Congress the also-once-in-six-years Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007 was published by the International Numismatic Commission and the International Association of Professional Numismatists. So I prepared a new web-page at http://andrewmccabe.ancients.info/Research.html to host content from both the Congress and the Surveys, from Glasgow and from the prior Congresses/Surveys for Madrid and Berlin. The present content from the Glasgow, Madrid and Berlin Congresses is light, but will in time include summaries of key papers and conclusions as to their implications. But we have been fortunate that Bernhard Woytek, author of the Roman Republican section of the 2002-2007 Survey, has allowed its full text to be published here in English at http://andrewmccabe.ancients.info/Research.html in addition to the original German being available at http://www.oeaw.ac.at/numismatik/ I hope in time to be able to publish further material from the Surveys prepared for the Madrid and Berlin Congresses.

New dates for Imperatorial coin issues, from Arma et nummi

One of key books on Roman Republican Numismatics published in the last decade was Woytek's Arma et nummi. Aside from an analysis of the financial circumstances of the various Imperators in the late Republican era, it attempts a wholesale redating and relocalisation of many Imperatorial coinage issues. The book, being in German, may not be accessible to the English language readers of this website. But so as to better instill the new dating in the minds of Republican numismatists, I reproduce here the revised Imperatorial era dating with illustrations of the affected coin issues. During 2010 I also intend to illustrate the dating rearrangement of the coins of 72-50BC according to the Mesagne hoard analyses done by Charles Hersh, Alan Walker, Wilhelm Hollstein and H.B. Mattingly so that this little-understood era can be better understood by numismatists who currently can rely only on the standard texts by Crawford and Sear.

British Museum coin pictures.

The British Museum has long had the best, and the best-published, collection of Roman Republican coinage in the world. Grueber's 1910 catalogue of Roman Republican Coinage remained the best single source book on Roman Republican coinage until the publication of Michael Crawford's catalogue in the 1970s. In many respects considering its text on individual coin issues and typology it remains essential and often more informative than Crawford. The quality of its collotype plates is superb. Collotype printing combines lithography and photography methods to reproduce text or illustrations. A glass plate coated with a gelatine containing dichromate is exposed to a photographic negative, causing the plate to accept the image. When further exposure to light hardens the gelatine surface, the glass can be used as a lithographic plate. The continuous-tone quality of collotype allows for fine detail in printing, but the fragile gelatine surface and glass plate limit the number of impressions that can be made (source www.ferdinando.org.uk/printing.htm). The practical implication of using collotype in the 1910 BMCRR means that these old photographs can be enlarged without apparent degradation and with no pixellation due to their continuous tones. The 1910 BMCRR fell out of copyright in 1997 - being a corporate publication, the earlier of 70 years after author's death (1997) or 95 years after publication (2005) applies - so can now be reproduced copyright free, and I have used the BMCRR 1910 to infill for many coins that had been missing from my website.

There is however further exciting news from the British Museum. In the Glasgow International Numismatic Congress, Eleanor Ghey presented a paper describing the photography and web publication of over 12,000 Roman Republican coins in the British Museum's collection. This consists of the original collection as published in the 1910 BMCRR, with a further 7,153 coins bequeathed by Charles Hersh on his death in 1998. A portion of the Hersh bequest went to the American Numismatic Society, but the great majority to the British Museum. A dedicated introduction and search page will shortly be launched by the British Museum, but meanwhile any Roman Republican issue can be found by typing the Crawford number in the format RRC 482/1 (no inverted commas) in the British Museum's Collection Database Search. It is a simple and effective tool to find images of Roman Republican coins, using just their Crawford reference. The images are in colour and of very high quality, typically 750 pixels wide. Of course these images are copyrighted by the British Museum, and cannot be used on any website even non-commercially, although they may be used in small-volume non-commercial printed publications, e.g. for schools or theses (don't rely on me! check BM website for terms ). Once the dedicated introduction page is launched I will carry out a full review of the site and the associated catalogue by Eleanor Ghey and Ian Leins.

Happy reading

Andrew McCabe

July 2009: What’s happening with Roman Republican coin books

Since this website was launched in 2004, developments in the publication of coin literature have prompted a redesign. This 2009 update reflects both changes in how information about coins is presented, as well as new research on Roman Republican coins. Although the changes seem to have crept up on us, the way we read about coins has in aggregate changed significantly, and this has changed how I discuss the coin books. However the biggest change on the site is the inclusion of a comprehensive online annotated catalogue of Roman Republican coins as well as a large amount of fresh new essay material.

Continued reductions in the cost of online storage as well as increases in bandwidth means that coin pictures are no longer a luxury. I like plain text and there are no fancy gimmicks on this site, however an educational site abour coins benefits from a really good image database. Other image databases exist, Wildwinds, VCoins, Sixbid, CNGcoins etc. All these are great resources but this one is indexed in an academic manner by date and issuer, according to Crawford - and it will in time be updated to reflect revisions to Crawford. It places the time periods and coin issues in an historical context. And it includes many rare issues that have never yet appeared for sale on the internet, 1350 coins at the last count. In many cases pictures of these coins can only be found with difficulty and with great expense through the ownership of a long list of illustrious catalogues - Haeberlin's 1933 Cahn-Hess sale, Crawford, Kestner-Hannover, d'Ailly's collection with its line drawing illustrations, Goodman. Some coin types are as yet unpublished. Images are all from private sources, and all copyright. None appear elsewhere, other than within the linked image-bank. Please contact me if you want to use any image for a numismatic site.

There has been a step-change in numismatic auction catalogues in the last five years, both for good and bad, but mostly good. The availability of inexpensive online sales venues has led to the virtual disappearance of printed coverage of low end coins. Auctions more often show commoner types in better condition, rather than rarer types in collectable condition. Academic catalogues of Roman Republican coins such as the Vecchi 3 sale or the Goodman bronzes collection rarely now appear. There are honourable exceptions of course, the 2006 Münzen und Medaillen 19 Gibboni sale being one such. Series with higher average prices still justify academic printed catalogues, such as the BCD Boeotia and Peloponnese sales, and silver-only high-end Roman Republican collections may justify dedicated catalogues in the future, but all-metal catalogues are no more. However stepping into the void, the increasing online retention of internet-only sales from sites such as CNG may in time increase information about obscure but worn rare coins. The online information about Roman Provincial coins has greatly increased in recent years, many rare and from the Roman Republic. Detailed information from published printed catalogues is now routinely available online, from individual dealer sites, Sixbid or CNG (the Coinarchives database has been mostly closed to individual users so I no longer link to it). A collector with a worn denarius can readily find a perfect example online with a full historical description. What is more, academic research notes, a hallmark of great cataloguing, are now available to everyone. This is making numismatics more accessible.

A final trend arises from the lower cost of desktop publishing for printed books. An entire category of books has quietly emerged, and for which I have no name since it is a new thing. These are collections of information previously available only with great difficulty and expense through the ownership of obscure academic journal offprints, books long out of print, old sale catalogues etc, topped and tailed with new text or analysis that adds to this ancient information. Most of the examples I have recently seen are in languages other than English. Conii e scene di coniazone (dies and coining scenes) includes new essays combined with Cornelius Vermeule's classic work on dies. So I no longer need to recommend Vermeule's book as a standalone. Die Münzen der Römischen Republik by Rainer Albert is an attractive format single volume catalogue with a proper chronological layout, albeit snagged by some errors, whose input consists primarily of German auction catalogues of the 1990s. La Monetazione Romana Repubblicana by Catalli includes fresh text similarly combined with 1990s catalogues as resources, and I only wish it had an English translation. Richard Reece and Harold B Mattingly have republished their existing corpus in book format, a straightforward but valuable pure-publishing effort. And the translation of Babelon’s numismatic history by Elizabeth Saville is another book that might not have seen the light before the age of inexpensive desktop publishing. Thus I now rarely quote journal offprints in favour of a corpus or festschrift or collection format where that exists. There remain significant gaps, for example the contributions of Professor Ted Buttrey, whose archaeological work on Morgantina led to the fixing of the date of the denarius and who wrote many of the definitive die-studies on Imperatorial coins, cannot be found in one place. Only these rare exceptions will justify comment by me on an individual article that is not easily available in a widely published numismatic journal.

The trend towards online publication has not yet extended to information normally published in books. For example, HB Mattingly is surprised that the revised dating arising from the Mesagne hoard is not widely used. But it is not reproduced in any catalogue of the Roman Republic, nor easily found on the internet, so only those rare students who have access to a 25 year old paperback journal know this essential information. Really it is a disgrace. Incidentally the coins on this site are arranged according to Mesagne. There are no long-running online numismatic journals, and website coverage of the Roman Republic is generally fragmented with lots of individually interesting items hidden in scattered websites. The Journal of Ancient Numismatics with contributions on Republican coins by Mark Passehl is an honourable recent exception. I hope to see more from this source. Also, we should not neglect websites in other languages. Many readers of this page will be familiar with the Yahoo RROME group, but are you also aware of www.lamoneta.it which has an active Italian language discussion group on the Republic. The same site has an excellent and developing catalogue of Roman Republican coins though its coverage is still much much less than on this site. An excellent Spanish site is www.denarios.org/republica/ which combines a forum with an online collection and a wonderful collection of monographs on individual Republican coin types. The Spanish tesorillo.com/ is another site with good Roman Republican resources. For completeness I should add Numismatikforum and Numismatik-Cafe in German, although both are primarily discussion sites without significant expert-level content on the Roman Republic as compared with the Spanish and Italian sites. The English language discussion boards Moneta-L does not offer much specialist discussion on the Roman Republic, however Forvm offers the very valuable numiswiki resource containing many numismatic articles as well as the full text of Seth Stevensen’s numismatic dictionary.

I intend to use this page for periodic updates on the status of Roman Republican numismatic literature, and especially emerging trends in publishing as we gradually become more web enabled. Meanwhile, I hope you stumble across some interesting surprises on these pages. The site is rather large so please use my index below to help in your navigation.

Andrew McCabe
July 2009

Index: Direct Links to Coins and Books

Specific eras and sets of coins can be reached directly by clicking on the links below. This bypasses the web pages with much of the text and goes direct to the pictures. Further down are links to book review sections that cover some of the better known books, and to the short essays embedded in each page.

Direct link to Coin Pictures

Crawford Arrangement

The alternative Babelon or Sear RSC1 arrangement can be found at the end of this list, or an expanded family arrangement below the book review for RSC1.

Coins: 578-215 BC, Aes Grave and Didrachms, Crawford 1-41

Coins: 214-195BC, Second Punic War, Crawford 41-131

Coins: 195-138BC, Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemelianus. Cr132/233

Coins: 137-107BC, Tiberius & Gaius Gracchi, Crawford 234/310

Coins: 106-73BC, Marius, Sulla, Social War, Crawford 311/398

Coins: 72-50BC, Cicero Crassus Caesar Pompey, Crawford 395/439

Coins: 49-44BC Caesar and Pompey, Crawford 440/480; 45-36BC Sextus Pompey, Crawford 477/511

Coins: 44-42BC, Ides of March to Phillipi, Crawford 480/507

Coins: 42-27BC, Octavian, Antony, Cleopatra, Crawford 512/546

Coins: Italian and Roman Provincial Coinage

Sear Roman Silver Coins (RSC1) or Babelon’s Roman family arrangement

An expanded and much easier to read family arrangement can be found on with the book review for RSC1.

Aes Grave and Pre Denarius struck coins

Anonymous Denarius, Victoriatus, Quinarius, Sestertius

Aburia, Accoleia, Acilia, Aeficia, Aelia, Aemilia, Afrania, Annia, Antestia, Antia, Antonia, Appuleia, Aquillia, Arria, Atia, Atilia, Aufidia, Aurelia, Autronia, Axia, Baebia, Barbatia, Caecilia, Caesia, Calidia, Calpurnia, Carisia, Cassia, Cipia, Claudia, Cloulia, Cocceia, Coelia, Clovia, Considia, Cordia, Cornelia, Cornuficia, Cosconia, Cossutia, Crepereia, Crepusia, Critonia, Cupiennia, Curiatia, Curtia, Decia, Decimia, Didia, Domitia, Egnatia, Egnatuleia, Eppia, Fabia, Fannia, Farsuleia, Flaminia, Flavia, Fonteia, Fufia, Fulvia, Fundania, Furia, Gargilia, Gellia, Herennia, Horatia, Hosidia, Hostilia, Itia, Julia, Junia, Juventia, Licinia, Livineia, Lollia, Lucilia, Lucretia, Lutatia, Maenia, Maiania, Mallia, Mamilia, Manlia, Marcia, Maria, Matiena, Memmia, Mettia, Minatia, Minucia, Mussidia, Naevia, Nasidia, Neria, Nonia, Norbana, Numitoria, Numonia, Ogulnia, Opimia, Oppia, Papia, Papiria, Pedania, Petillia, Pinaria, Plaetoria, Plancia, Plautia, Plutia, Poblicia, Pompeia, Pomponia, Porcia, Postumia, Procilia, Quinctia, Quinctilia, Renia, Roscia, Rubria, Rustia, Rutilia, Salvia, Saufeia, Scribonia, Sempronia, Sentia, Sepullia, Sergia, Servilia, Sestia, Sicinia, Sosia, Spurilia, Statia, Sulpicia, Tarquitia, Terentia, Thoria, Titia, Titinia, Tituria, Trebania, Tullia, Turillia, Valeria, Vargunteia, Ventidia, Vergilia, Vettia, Veturia, Vibia, Vinicia, Vipsania, Voconia, Volteia.

Pompey and Sextus Pompey, Julius Caesar, Brutus, Cassius, Cornuficius, Labienus, Lepidus, Mark Antony, Fulvia, Octavia, Cleopatra, Lucius Antony, Octavian.

Direct link to Reviews of Better Known Books

Crawford, Grueber and Sear

• RRC: Crawford Roman Republican Coinage
• BMCRR: Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum
• HCRI: Sear, the History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators
• RSC1: Roman Silver Coins, Volume 1 - Republic to Augustus
• RCV1: Sear, Roman Coins and their Values

Other Key References

• Essays Hersh: Coins of Macedonia and Rome: Essays in Honour of Charles Hersh
• From Coins to History: Harold B Mattingly, Selected Numismatic Studies
• Kestner-Hannover: The Coins of the Roman Republic in the Kestner Hannover Museum
• HNI: Rutter, Historia Numorum, Italy
• RPC1: Roman Provincial Coinage I. From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius
• CMRR: Crawford Coins and Money under the Roman Republic
• Sydenham: Coinage of the Roman Republic
• Haeberlin: Aes Grave
• FITA: Grant, From Imperium to Auctoritas
• d'Ailly: Recherches sur la Monnaie Romaine
• Babelon: La République Romaine
• Thomsen: Early Roman Coinage
• AIIN29: Annali 29 Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 1983
• Woytek: Arma et nummi

Other Handbooks

• Kent: Roman Coins
• Albert: Die Munzen der Römischen Republik
• Catalli: La Monetazione Romana Repubblicana
• Wayne Sayles: Handbooks

Key Auction Catalogues

• The Goodman collection of Roman Republican bronzes, CNG43 to CNG47
• Benz collection: Roman Republican Coins, Lanz 88
• Nicholas collection: Silbermünzen der RömischenRepublik, Leu 17
• Numismatic Fine Arts NFA XXVII
• Numismatica Ars Classica auctions
• Vecchi auctions

Sources for Numismatics

• Digital Library Numis, downloads on Republican numismatics
• The Celator
• The Numismatic Chronicle
• American Numismatic Society, ANS MN and AJN
• Survey of Numismatic Research

Direct link to short essays

• Triage for Coins: Reading Hoards and Coin Accumulations
• Paean to a Coin Collector: BCD
• Campania: Art, Architecture and Coins
• Early Money under the Kings of Rome
• Arrangements of Early Roman Coinage
• Grueber’s footnotes: ΡΩΜΑΙΩΝ and Scarpus
• Postsemilibral bronzes and the date of the Denarius
• Michael Crawford, notes to the Edinburgh collection.
• New Roman Republican coins published by the Goodman collection
• Aemilii Lepidi and Adoptions, Mark Passehl
• On the Concept of Rarity
• Mesagne hoard and its dating implications
• Morgantina, the Coins, T.V. Buttrey
• The Upchurch Hoard
• The Pietas Denarii of Sextus Pompey, T.V. Buttrey
• Al Marco adjustment of denarius weights, Clive Stannard
• Quintus Cornuficius, Phil Davis
• Dacian Imitations, Phil Davis
• Lampsacus and Parium, a tale of twin cities