Links to Survey of Numismatic Research; Coins: Second Triumvirate Antony Octavian Lepidus 42-35BC:

• Discussion and Pictures of Coins: 42-35BC The Second Triumvirate Crawford 512/540
• International Numismatic Congress
• Surveys of Numismatic Research
• A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007, The Roman Republic, by Bernhard Woytek
• A Survey of Numismatic Research 1972-1977, The Roman Republic, MH Crawford
• A Survey of Numismatic Research 1966-1971, The Roman Republic, MH Crawford

Click on any photo to see that coin. Or click on the right-hand blue link to see the entire set.

42-35BC, Crawford 512/540, Triumvirate Antony Octavian Lepidus

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www.flickr.com 42-36BC Cr512/540 Triumvirate Antony Octavian Lepidus

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It is difficult to separate the triumviral coinages into those whilst allies and those for Octavian and Antony as rival Imperators. Both used the title Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate, Triumvirate for the Constitution of the Republic with Consular Power until its expiry in 33BC and Antony right until Actium. It was still a reasonably healthy alliance at the treaty of Brundisium in 40BC, Misenum with Sextus Pompey in 39BC, and was renewed for the fight against Sextus Pompey from 38BC to the battle of Naulochus in 36BC. The last effective Triumviral action by Antony was his cooperation in hunting down Sextus Pompey in 35BC. Lepidus’ exile by Octavian the same year for attempting to take a Sicily surrendered by Sextus Pompey’s forces put him out of the picture and Antony’s traitorous activities at the donations of Alexander in 34BC made him an enemy of the Roman state. So 35BC was when it all broke up but lets not pretend. All these coinages were of men who were rivals for supreme power. The various dual issues of Antony for Octavian and Octavian for Antony concealed a rivalry that several times came near to clash of arms. Antony’s marriage with Octavia was the genesis of the Roman empire as all the Julio Claudian Emperors except Octavian were direct descendants of Mark Antony. This marital alliance was widely commemorated on coins including the very rare but significant fleet bronzes. But the later coins show Octavian with the deified Julius Caesar as his ally, and Antony commemorating his sole victory over Armenia.

Current Numismatic Research

International Numismatic Congress

Each seven years or thereabouts the International Numismatic Commission hosts an International Numismatic Congress (INC). The most recent congresses were held in Madrid, 2003 and Glasgow, 2009 and the next in Taormina - to be hosted by the university of Messina - in 2015. The INC papers generally contain a number of full papers on Republican numismatics.

Madrid 2003

The proceedings from the Madrid 2003 are in two massive volumes, some 1800 pages, the first being devoted to ancient numismatics. The proceedings were heavily subsidised - I purchased them for £80 but I have seen lower prices cited - and are a very worthwhile buy. The 2003 volume includes the following articles with a focus on the Republican era. In January 2010, fuller reviews will be added of key articles.

• El Pileus, del gorro do los Dioscuros al simbolo de la Libertad
  Adrian Savio and Elena Bagi (the Pileus and the Dioscuri with a review of symbolism from the Quadrigatus to EID MAR.)
• Emisiones de bronce Pompeyanas de Hispania. Su relacion con otras amonedaciones del Mediterraneo Occidental
  Luis Amela Valverde (relation between the Pompeian bronzes and other late Republican bronzes of Octavian and from Sicily, Sardinia)
• The physiognomy and artistic representation of Janus with special reference to the coinage in Southern Italy
  Jurgen Hamer
• Some Republican denarii from Karar in South India
  Ramasubbaiyer Krishnamurthy
• La diosa Roma en las monedas de su tiempo, La Republica
  Narciso Santos Yanguas, Carlos Vera Garcia, Mercedes Garcia Martinez (considers the occurrence of Roma versus other gods, from the Aes Grave period through the end of the Republic)
• Iulius Caesars Finanzen und Münzprägung im Jahre 49 v Chr, Bemerkungen zu RRC 443/1
  Bernhard Woytek (Crawford 443 and its implications for Caesar’s financing)

Glasgow 2009

The 2009 congress included as listed on the following website INC Glasgow 2009. There was a great deal of Roman Republican content, some 15 to 20 papers, many of which in English. I attended the Glasgow INC and my post-conference review can be found here: Review of 2009 International Numismatic Congress

The INC proceedings with the full text of papers submitted will be published during 2010, likely at £120 or $200.

Surveys of Numismatic Research

Each five to ten years a Survey of Numismatic Research is published that summarises the state of numismatics, and traditionally each contains an article on Roman Republican numismatics, perhaps 10 to 20 pages. As these are large publications I would not advocate their purchase for that single review article, also given that this website gives a reasonable update at least as recently as Essays Hersh, HNI and other recent books are concerned. Better to buy one of these books than a review recommending them. The Surveys are generally published prior to a International Numismatic Congress, the last being published prior to Glasgow 2009 and covering the period 2002-2007. The Survey, as related to the Roman Republic, was written by Bernhard Woytek. It can be found in its original German at the website of the Numismatic Commission for the Austrian Academy of Sciences but Berhard Woytek has allowed me to present here a full translation in English.

Introduction to SNR 2002-2007

As noted by Bernhard below, the main focus during the survey period has been on the Imperatorial era, and on monetary history. Bernhard's own publication, Arma et Nummi, was undoubtedly the main event of the decade. There are many important highlights from Arma et Nummi, but I would specially note the extensive study on the early coins of Caesar, specially the elephant denarius Crawford 443:

as well as the switched dating of the coins of Rome of 43 and 41BC. The full list of redatings can be found under my review of the book, but it proposes an eminently sensible redating of the coins showing the portraits of Brutus, Octavian and Caesar to 43BC which necessitates a redating of other Rome mint issues to 41BC.

In a survey that cites over two hundred source documents it is difficult to highlight any others in particular, but although attention has perhaps been on the late Republic, two hoards from the early Republic caught my eye. One was a large hoard of non Roman didrachms closing about 240BC but containing a handful of Roman didrachms, Crawford 13 and 15, of a supposedly much earlier period.

The other was of a large hoard of Victoriates, mostly anonymous, which highlighted the necessity of an easier to use study of Victoriatus types than is currently available from Michael Crawford's catalogue. The latter does carefully distinguish the many types but does so only pictorially, whereas the pictures below show that there are describable type differences that can be readily catalogued, such as varying details of the trophy, and that should aid in classification in addition to the less-easily described stylistic characteristics that Crawford relied upon:

A rather interesting technical proposal was made on Denarii Serrati: that the reason for the serrations was neither decorative nor forgery-prevention, but instead a minting measure to cope with brittle silver of a low lead and copper content.

Of course there were also studies on the typology and/or dating of a number of individual coin issues, examples referred to including Crawford 403, 437, 466 and 483:

With this said, over to the survey!

• Discussion and Pictures of Coins: 42-35BC The Second Triumvirate Crawford 512/540
• International Numismatic Congress
• Surveys of Numismatic Research
• A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007, The Roman Republic, by Bernhard Woytek
• A Survey of Numismatic Research 1972-1977, The Roman Republic, by Michael H. Crawford
• A Survey of Numismatic Research 1966-1971, The Roman Republic, by Michael H. Crawford

A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007, The Roman Republic, by Bernhard Woytek

Translated from the German original http://www.oeaw.ac.at/numismatik/mitarbeiter/woytek_survey_09.html by Andrew McCabe.

The major controversies over the date of the Denarius are finally now just a part of scientific history. Considering the whole reporting period, there was particularly intensified research work in two areas: on the one hand the coinage of the late Republic, which was examined under a range of criteria, and on the other hand, at a general level, the area of monetary history. The potential stemming from Republican coins as sources of financial history, initially suggested by Crawford in RRC, is being used with increasing confidence for various phases of the Republican coinage.

The two themes are connected in WOYTEK's monograph, Arma et nummi (211), for the years 49 BC to 42 BC. The book includes both a systematic assembly of the evidence for, and commentary on, financial history from a wealth of literary sources, and also a complete reinterpretation of the coin issues. This has brought to light new signals, not only for economic history, but also in particular for the dating and mint locations of numerous coin series, so that now for this phase of Republican coinage an alternative reconstruction of the minting sequence as compared to RRC is now available, and which - like WOYTEK's entire book - has been very positively received by critics.

The trend for the study of Republican financial history was reflected also in the monographs of IOANNATOU (122), PEDRONI (161) and recently HOLLANDER (118), whereby the latter book, written without knowledge of WOYTEK's work, benefits from being read in parallel with Arma et nummi. Several substantial contributions particularly for late Republican coinage are published together in the important thematically linked anthology, Trésors Monétaires 20, edited by AMANDRY (6).

Special mention is due to the impressive work by KING on Roman Quinarii (125), in which - apart from a comprehensive and prudent introduction to this denomination under the Republic - all the quinarius types known to the author are arranged in a catalogue; the new quinarius type with owl (series RRC 135) published by ROTTINGHAUS (172) was, however, not yet considered. In H.B. MATTINGLY's (139) volume of selected writings, many of his already classic papers related to Republican numismatics have been reprinted without changes but with a short current commentary by the author.

SPECIAL STUDIES

HAUDRY (115) dedicated a less than convincing monograph to Iuno Moneta. On the problem of Roman city mint location(s) in Republican time and the topography of the Capitoline hill see now TUCCI (202), BAR (32) as well as SERAFIN (181) and NICOLAI (153); ANTONUCCI (29) also offers some general views.

The study of Romano-Campanian coinage stepped into the background to a degree during the reporting period. Of great importance however was the publication of two hoards by AMANDRY (11) and CEGLIA (62), of which the latter hoard from San Martino in Pensilis (from an archaeological excavation) is of great significance for the absolute chronology of the early Roman coinage. BURNETT (51) gives the latest detailed analysis of this hoard, closing approximately 250/240BC and containing altogether 163 Didrachms or Staters. Apart from coins of southern Italian and Campanian mints, the first and second Roman Didrachm series (RRC 13/1 and 15/1) were represented by respectively 3 and 5 copies, but no later Roman coins, as one would have expected. The chronology of the Roman Didrachm will thus remain under discussion in the future.

Strictly to be rejected, however, are the chronological concepts of the Quadrigatus coinage by DEBAES (74), grounded in Marchetti's reconstruction, which has been shown again to be completely incorrect by AMANDRY (11).

Aes Grave and other forms of cast money were intensively examined: MOLINARI (144) documented a previously unpublished 19th century hoard from the city of Rome, to which at present 42 Asses (RRC 35/1) are certainly to be assigned. A number of relevant articles can be found in the conference volume La moneta fusa nel mondo antico, editors VANNI and BUSSI (204). These can found in the bibliography listed under their respective authors - ALTERI (4), BAR (32), ERCOLANI COCCHI (83), FUSI ROSSETTI (98), SERAFIN (184). See also NERI (150-151) as well as, for Aes Rude, DE CARO et al. (59).

The overwhelming majority of individual studies have naturally been dedicated to the coinage of the Denarius period. MARRA (138) gives a detailed analysis of the circulation behaviour and the function of the Victoriatus, which she confirms once again as having been introduced in the same period as the Denarius, and surmises that the denomination was struck by the Romans for the payment of the troops of their Italian allies. MÜLLER (147-148) presents statistical considerations using data available for the Crepusius Denarii. RYAN provides a convincing new identification of one of the moneyers of RRC 403 (173) and improves our understanding of the legend of RRC 437 (175).

As mentioned already up-front, the final phase of the Republic, which was considered in detail in WOYTEK's Monograph (211), has been central to current research efforts. AMELA VALVERDE was very productive, although his contributions are primarily to be consulted because of their detailed bibliographies. His views on content are hardly convincing, so for instance, when he, for RRC 483 (Nasidius), returns again to Crawford's localisation in Massilia 43 BC (23), he lacks new arguments against WOYTEK (211) as well as against ESTIOT and AYMAR (86). Progress was made on the coin issues of Julius Caesar, whose important role in the development of the Imperial-period monetary system is pointed out by WOYTEK (212). MOLINARI (143) presents a die corpus of the common Hirtius Aurei of 46 BC (RRC 466).

WOYTEK (215) examines the background of RRC 443 (elephant/priest devices). AMANDRY (7) attempted a specimen corpus of the rare coins of Q. Cornuficius (RRC 509). Contributions to the disputed issue of "free coinage" were made by DE CALLATAY (55) and FORABOSCHI (92). A most important investigation of the methodological evolution of Roman Republican numismatics was provided by HOLLSTEIN (119).

COLLECTION CATALOGUES

Several collection catalogues were published in the reporting period which contain partly or solely Republican material, see for instance BRAUNSCHWEIG (130), CATANZARO (66), CLUJ NAPOCA (103), ELCHE (1), PAVIA (39), PRAG (129) or SPLIT (44). With regard to the importance and quantity of the material and also the completeness of the illustrations, the catalogues from Belgrade (BORIC BRESKOVIC and POPOVIC, 45) and Madrid, Real Academia (CHAVES TRISTÁN, 64) have to be emphasised. The latter collection has one ROMA Drachm of the "oath scene gold" type (RRC 29), of Spanish provenance, which was first published by GARCÍA BELLIDO (99) and was previously unknown. In this contribution, GARCÍA BELLIDO additionally proposes the identification of some rare small silver coins from the Iberian area (typology: Wreath/R and Mars head/horse) as Roman emergency issues of the Second Punic War, being libella and simbella, the silver equivalents of "As" and "Semis", as cited by Varro (l. l. 5.174).

DENARIUS PERIOD TREASURE TROVES

New inventories of hoards, to supplement Crawford's RRCH, were presented for Bulgaria by PAUNOV and PROKOPOV (157), and for Romania by MOISIL and DEPEYROT (142). Other publication activity on this topic addressed the welcome re-publication of some large finds which have long been known - as for instance RRCH 80 (187), RRCH 197 (64), RRCH 425 (152), RRCH 430 (134) or RRCH 465 (155) - and the description of a considerable number of so far unpublished hoards, of which only the most important ones can be mentioned here. The treasure trove of Enemonzo, published by GORINI (109), is in essence more important for Celtic Numismatics than for Roman due to the mixing of originally more than 359 Roman Victoriates with 40 Norican Tetradrachms. But its publication demonstrates that the anonymous Victoriatus urgently requires a new and detailed typological as well as stylistic investigation. All 297 anonymous Victoriates in the Enemonzo hoard have been identified as RRC 44 by GORINI.

GIOVE (105) publishes a hoard of 35 Denarii to RRC 286, MANGANARO PERRONE (137), among others, the new hoard "Casalini Sottani" of 210 Denarii to RRC 298, CATALLI (28) a hoard of 994 Denarii to RRC 394 (this publication is only usable with the crucial correction by AMANDRY), BONACIC MANDINIC (40) two hoards of respectively 168 Denarii to RRC 395 and 191 Denarii to RRC 434, GUZZETTA (113) a hoard of 89 Denarii to RRC 422, ADAM VELENI (2) a hoard of 125 Denarii to RRC 488, RRC 494 and RRC 508. PROKOPOV et al. (167-168) publish in total three Denarius hoards of the late Republic: (a) 291 pieces to RRC 494? [a reconstructed find]; (b) "Oryahovitsa": 232 pieces to RRC 494 and RRC 515; (c) "Stoyanovo": 70 pieces to RRC 511. Furthermore the "Wien-Rennweg" treasure trove (75) illustrates in an exemplary manner the importance of Republican coinage in the monetary transactions of the High Roman Principate.

MONEY CIRCULATION, SITE FINDS

For space reasons we are unable to address Republican material that is catalogued in series like "Die Fundmünzen der römischen Zeit in Deutschland", and instead limit ourselves to special studies. As expected, several Italian find spots and regions must first be mentioned, for which Republican coins were generally published in the context of the other coin materials (cf. 33, 34, 58, 63, 85, 104, 165). The progress being made regarding the role of Republican money in Pompeii deserves specific mention (106, 116-117, 171, 194). During the reporting period, STANNARD (188-189) has continued to work on the circulation and imitation of coins of Ebusus in Latium and Campania in Republican times.

For today's France, apart from the publication of coin finds from Bibracte by GRUEL and POPOVITCH (110), special emphasis must be given to the magisterial study by PY (170) covering southern Gaul. The circulation behaviour of Republican money in Carnuntum is examined by WOYTEK (217) in a wider context. BORIC BRESKOVIC and POPOVIC (47) analyse the first phase of the Roman coin circulation in the Serbian part of the Danube valley and in the central Balkan area. The ongoing publication activity on Dacia, where Republican material circulated in considerable quantities, is extremely gratifying, see for instance GAZDAC et al. (102), LOCKYEAR (132) as well as TALMATCHI (195).

TECHNOLOGY

The understanding of technical aspects of the Republican coinage has been crucially enriched in the past years. BALBI DE CARO et al. (31) examined the manufacturing technique of denarii serrati and expressed the view that for these coins, the cutting of the edges of the still uncoined blanks could have been a necessary measure to guarantee a problem-free coining process, because the silver used for serrati was - compared with non-serrate Denarii - of very low elasticity due to the particularly low lead and copper content. It will be necessary to examine this surprising hypothesis through large-scale metallurgical investigations.

MALKMUS (136) provided a catalogue of, inter alia, all currently known ancient coin dies with Republican types. DE CALLATAY (54) discussed the phenomenon of Denarii with particularly broad and thin blanks, struck in the 80s BC (for instance RRC 354). WOYTEK (216) proved that a group of Caesar's Elephant Denarii was produced out of ’multiple obverse dies’, a technology that had previously been documented only for Greek and Celtic coinages, and also published an extraordinary late-Republican denarius overstrike (218).

IMITATIONS

KOLNIKOVÁ (126) and TORBÁGYI (198) made contributions to the well known Eraviscan imitative coins, which follow Republican typology. DAVIS (69, 71-73) and LOCKYEAR (132) examined the substantially more complex, and quantitatively far more significant phenomenon of Dacian imitations. A group of irregular Caesar Aeneas Denarii, which have been isolated by WOYTEK (214), are to be considered ancient imitations after further research by the author. HORSNÆS (120-121) publishes an imitation patterned on the Denarius type RRC 281 which was found close to Nakskov in Denmark.

ADDENDUM

During the reporting period, two further Reviews of Arma et nummi were written by MOLINARI (221) and VERBOVEN (222). WOYTEK (223) reviewed the book by PEDRONI (161) on the Social War.

The author wishes to thank all his colleagues who helped in the production of this overview through the contribution of their reference material.

Bibliography

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© Bernhard Woytek - International Numismatic Commission - International Association of Professional Numismatists 2009. With permission of the author.

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